Wednesday, December 14, 2011

Women's Education at Stout

"There are many lines of work needed to be done in the world which men and women may do equally well. Equal opportunities should be given for the education of each in the direction efficient performance of these lines of work.
-Lorenzo Dow Harvey 
(President of the Stout Institute from 1903-1922)

Timeline of Women's' History at Stout (Pictures from Stout Stories)
(It looks long but it actually pretty interesting and it's just a bunch of  interesting facts that I found about women's history at Stout.)


1891
  •   James Huff Stout introduces manual training and domestic science into the Menomonie Public Schools through the Stout Manual Training School (first school in Wisconsin devoted exclusively to the areas of both manual training and domestic science).
1895
  • Laura G. Day took position as Director of the Training School for Domestic Science Teachers until 1910 where she was given a salary of $1,400 while her counterpart, George B. Buxton (Director of the Manual Training School) recieved $2,000.
1899
  •    Kindergarten Training School opens to meet need for kindergarten teachers.
1904_02
The Kindergarten Training School was one of the earliest programs of its kinds in the country.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm


1901
  • Senator Stout establishes School of Physical Culture ( follow this link for more History of Women's Sports at Stout) for public school physical training and opens the facility to community use. Carolyn Bornheim became N.J. MacArthur (Director), and the first woman physical education teacher at Stout. However, there are no records of womens' sports from 1910-1920s.

1907
1908


  • The Girls' Hiking Club was organized (lasted one year, but re-established in 1914).
  • The Girls' German Club (the men had their own club).
1909
  • Kindergarten Training School discontinued.
  • Girls' Glee Club was organized (In 1925 member Jane Hamsley wrote the "Alma Mater to the Stout Institute"). 
 1910
  • The manual training boys, "believing that the larger number of domestic science girls needed more of the social side of life," organize the Stout Dancing Club.

1911
  • The first Stout Orchestra was organized (20 members all together and 4 were women)

1912
  • Women students were required to make and wear blue and white striped uniforms which were called "convict suits" by male students. For physical education they were required to wear gymnasium suits (black bloomers and a white middy). Check out page 2 of Chapter 6 of this link to see what these "convict suits" looked like. 
  • The Philomathean Literary Society was organized where women members gathered together for debates, discussions, musical performances. and friendship. 
  • Daisy Kugel (head of the household arts department) gives a lecture to domestic science girls on how much hair to have and how to wear it.

1914
  • Stout Institute gymnasium classes present a public Gymnastics Exhibition and Kirmess featuring tumbling, wrestling, boxing, gymnastics exercises, flag and barbell drills, and folk dances.
  • World War I begins.
  • The Homemakers Cottage was started as a place where students could try out the theories they learned in class. This was later called the Home Management House.
  • World War I begins, so on campus, men were required to take military drill, and women were required to take Red Cross training. 

1915
  •  Summer session picnic features nail driving and button sewing contests.

1916
  • Helen Keller gave her address on "Happiness" to the Stout students in what the Stoutonia terms "perhaps the most unusual and interesting lecture ever heard."

1917
  • Open house and dedication ceremonies held for Home Economics building (now Harvey Hall).
  • New Lynwood Hall rules limit girls to attend one dance at Rusk per evening, lights out at 9 p.m. on Fridays and Saturdays.
  • Sufferage Movement started at Stout where branches of local suffrage Committee immediately began a campaign to sway voters in the 10th Congressional District of Wisconsin (Suffrage Committee) They played an active role in passage of 19th Amendment. Some members were Katherine Hahn (librarian), Miss Field, Gladys Harvey, President Harvey's daughter (interior decoration instructor and president of the Dunn County Suffrage party). 
1917_003
Members of the Stout Suffrage Committee



1918
  • Stout Institute offers first four-year programs -- bachelor's degrees in Home Economics Education, and Industrial Arts.
  • Stout Institute granted its first bachelor of science degree to one woman
1920
  • Amendments put prohibition and nationwide women's vote into effect.
1923
  • The Girls' Hikers Club became the Girls' Athletic Association (in 1927 it became known as the Women's Athletic Association). The club promoted the hiking, swimming, canoeing, baseball, basketball and tennis, and gave a letter "S" to every member who hiked 100 miles during the school year.
1924
  • The D.A.K. Club was formed and was renamed the Stout Economic Club in 1928 


1927
  •  "The 7:30 rule," requiring students to be in their rooms by 7:30 p.m. on Sunday through Thursday -- unless they were at church -- is dropped.
  • The dean of the School of Home Economics personally signed for "the child," a baby, two to eight months old, who was obtained from the Wisconsin State Welfare Department every fall. The students took care of the baby under the supervision of the director of the Home Management House, who lived there year round because the baby was kept  in the Home Management House. After the school year the baby would be put up for adoption.
1956_01
Senior women applied classroom theory in the Home Management House.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
1930
  •  First experimental cookery classes offered.

1931
  • Because of the Depression, Stout Institute experiences difficulty placing graduates for the first time.
  • A women's Natural Dancing Class, a women's Archery Club, and a women's gymnastics team, called the Stout Tumblers, were organized

1933
  • Women's telephone numbers first appear in student directories.
1934

  • Enrollment dropped to a low of 400
  • Stout received thousands of dollars from the Work Projects Administration for building maintenance and support personnel.


1935
  • Stout begins master's degree programs in Home Economics 
1938

1939
  • World War II begins.
  • Enrollment grew to 656 student. 
1944_01
The war made interesting changes in the Industrial Education building with women invading the trades department, 1944.
from 
http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm



  • 1943
  • Stout enrollment drops to lowest figures since 1918 of 246 students, only 42 are men because large numbers of the institute's faculty and students joined the military. Many never returned.
  • The students that stayed at Stout could participate in the pilot training program and nursing.
  • Intercollegiate athletics came to a halt due to a lack of male students (44 in 1943). The traditional homecoming football games were replaced by kittenball (softball) and picnics this year and in 1946.

1946_01
Homecoming 1945 had special meaning with the return of many absent during the war years.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
1946
  • Stout Institute enrollment jumps from 342 in 1945 to 806, causing shortages in faculty, classrooms, equipment, and student housing because of the G.I. Bill. Many of the GI's had wives, so they were housed in the "temporary" Fair Oaks Housing.
1959_01
Married students and their families found inexpensive housing facilities at Fair Oaks.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
1949
  • Home Economics started holding open houses attracting about 1,200 high school women in 1955
  • Food preparation laboratory was created. 

1962
  • Lana Pederson was the only woman out of 900 students who was majoring in industrial education or industrial technology

1963
  •  A Stoutonia editorial chastises women for wearing cut-off blue jeans and sweatshirts to Sunday lunch in the cafeteria.
1970
  • The Child and Family Study Center was built.
1971
  •  Bachelor's degree program in Child Development and Family Life begins.
1974
  • University Counseling Center purchased a series of pamphlets to help answer women’s questions about combing career and marriage
  • The School of Industry and Technology sponsored a two week summer workshop to acquaint women with industrial teaching and management opportunities. 
1982
  • A Women's Studies Resource Center is created
1986
  • For the first time in Stout’s history two women made All-American in the NNCAA Divison III track meet 
1997 
  • The Blue Devils women's basketball team shared the WWIAC confence title — the first conference championship ever for a Stout women's team.
  • Women’s Studies minor was approved and there was a four-day Feminist Art Workshop, which provided women students with the opportunity to explore their feminine creativity
2002
  • The Blue Devil Women's basketball team won the WIAC conference title with an 11-5 record.

"I have found that my unusual college training has been very enlightening, proving that women can do anything they set out to accomplish, and that these so-called man-sized jobs are really lady-sized after all."
-Marge Stombeck 
(Stout State College junior majoring in industrial education)

          Sources: Bigony, B.A. (1991). Women at stout: A centennial retrospective. U.S.A.: University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents.
         Thorie, K. (1990). Interpreting the dream: A stout history. U.S.A.: University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents. 

Click on this link if you want to learn about the History of Women's Sports at Stout
Click on this link if you want to know more about Stout's Training School for Home Makers
Pictures from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm sorry if the pictures are not showing up, but  you find them with the link.

Stout Training School for Home Makers



Here's what young women were told they would learn in home economics In
high school and college.
From http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkuAI1A6F4k


In 1907 at Stout the Training School for the Preparation of Young Women for Home Life was opened. It was not created to prepare women for a career outside of her home, but to teach them how to run their homes and families as if the family was a business organization. I read a pamphlet in the Archives explaining the program which stated, ""Home is the sacred refuge of our life," and explained how it was up to the mother of the house to make it that way. It went on about how the home is the "abiding place of the affections, where children are reared, and where one determines their usefulness as members of society and citizens of the state." The pamphlet stated that women's role in the family is as administrative officer and her duty is to disburse the funds which the man provides. The pamphlet recognized that women needed training just like men, but not yet for careers they could support themselves alone with. If you watch the youtube clip above you'll notice that the teacher hints that it is an inevitable fact that the girl is going to get married, but the timing is just up in the air. Back then it was believed that every women wanted marriage and children, and if you didn't want these things then there must have been something wrong with you. Once you did get married you were suppose to devote the rest of your life being a homemaker, so this was popular program among female students at Stout.  It was a 3-year program they could actually use in their lives, which was unlike many other courses, and it the program told women that it would train them for the success and happiness in their lives and the lives of their families. The pamphlet said women did not get to learn much from their mother's instruction alone, so training school would teach them how to enjoy their lives in the real world and make life better for the rest of her family members. She would know how to do her job to perfection, otherwise her responsibilities will not excite her, but disgust her.


Here is a link to some old Stout Institute Bulletins, which started being issued after Harvey became President of the Institute. They contain the school's course listings and allowed the school leaders to express their views on the goals of manual training in general and at Stout in particular. It also helped educators across the country to  keep up with the latest trends in the field.

This is a 1960s Suzy Homemaker Toy Commercial. It's really funny to see how they glamorize homemaking, and say that the toys allows young girls become the "queen of their home". I love how it goes through everything a women is suppose to handle and have fun doing like vacuuming,  ironing, dishwashing, entertaining, doing the laundry, and cooking. Not only that, but she is also suppose to always want to look good while doing these chores.


Subjects
(All pictures are from Stout Stories)

Clothing and Household Fabrics
  • Clothing- Learn the wearing qualities, real and apparent values, care, and suitability of the combination and color and qualities of materials. Also learn how to make common household articles and clothing of the family.
  • Fabrics Used for Decorations and Furnishings-Learn how to use knowledge and design of color to create decorations for articles of furnishing and fitting. Also learn the fundamental principles of sewing, mending, and repairing, embroideries,  and fancy needlework, and the creating of any kind of clothing, hats, and linens.
1939_03
Clothing Construction, 1939.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
The House

  • House Sanitation- Learn an understanding of the sciences of chemistry, physics, and bacteriology and use them in subjects such as the heating, lighting, ventilation, and plumbing of the house. This section also has to deal with obtaining pure water and cleanliness of surroundings in the house.
  • Home Decoration and Furnishing- Learn how to use design, color, house planning, decorating, and furnishing, and the opportunity provided for practical application in all line of art which relates directly to home-making (women got practice by decorating the lodge by stenciling the walls).
  • House Management-Learn how to correctly organize the varied duties of each member of the home
  • Business Management in the Home-Learn how to estimate spending values, how to properly disperse the income among expenditures, keep household accounts, select materials for the home, and organize and divide labor.
1930s_03
Science classes gained more importance for women.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm


Food Study and Cooking

  • Dietetics-Learn food requirements of the body based on health, disease, age, climate, and occupation.
  • Selection of Food Materials-Learn how to spend, how food is manufactured, value of foods, study food markets, and buy less expensive food with the same value. 
  • Care of Food Materials and Food- Learn correct care of food before and after preparation, how to save the foods value, use scientific principles to preserve food, and have an understanding of yeast, molds, ferments, and other forms of bacteria.
  • Preparation of Food-Learn how to get attractive foods from less expensive materials.
  • Serving- Learn how to serve simple meal, at luncheons, dinners, and at meals of ceremony and entertainment. Also learn how to decorate the the table, duties of a host, hostess, and waiter, and how to entertain guests.
  • Check out this 1925 Stout Institute Bulletin: Recipes for Food Classes link.

1910_01
Domestic science students in the bacteriology laboratory, 1910.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm

Care of Children
Quotes: "In answering the question (how to correctly care for the children in the home?) she is not responsible for herself alone nor her immediate family, but to society at large, to the entire social and industrial structure."
"If a child does not receive good care during formative period of life he is seriously handicapped physically as well as mentally and morally in after years."
"His competition with others of his kind is keen, and if he is not equipped for it, he must suffer as surely as though some fault of his own."
Description-Study child nutrition, hygiene, bathing, care of clothing, amount of sleep, exercise, value of pure air, regularity of habit, absolute cleanliness of the individual and the environment; infant diseases and emergencies; study of child psychology (stages of mental development of the child, value of the creation of correct ideas), teach them will power, correct mental and moral habits, and understand their physical necessities.
1939_02
Freshmen Foods Class, 1939.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
Home-nursing and Emergencies
Description-  Learn knowledge of simple maladies that can be treated at home and the use of household remedies; how to care for the sick room, the bed, the patient, give baths, use antiseptics, disinfectants, and deodorants.
Social, Industrial, and Ethical Relation of Women in the Home
Quote: "The women sustains ethical, social, and industrial relations with the other members of the family and with the members of society outside her home."
1910_02
Domestic arts students in the sewing room, 1910.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
Click on this link to learn more about Women's Education at Stout
Click on this link if you want to learn about the History of Women's Sports at Stout
Pictures from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm sorry if the pictures are not showing up, but  you find them with the link.

Source: Stout Training School for Homemakers. (1907).The stout training school for the        preparation of young women for home life. [Pamphlet]. Menomonie, WI: UW-Stout Domestic Science and Art Training School.


Tuesday, December 13, 2011

History of Women's Sports at UW-Stout

1903_002
According to The Ideal Schools of Menomonie, written by Adele Marie Shaw in 1904, Mr. MacArthur, the director of physical education at the time, had a theory that girls should be treated equally in sports. He says:

"The characteristic features of the instruction given in this school are that the girls receive the same attention as the boys, and that the training of both begins while they are young. ... It is previous to her fourteenth year that a girl can best be developed and strengthened for the duties of life. Up to that time she is the boys' equal or superior in physical prowess, if given an equal chance, but the conventionalities of modern society rob her of freedom during her years of growth and cause her to become delicate and unhealthy. No amount of subsequent physical training will compensate for the loss of freedom during the years from nine to fourteen. He also believed that it's important to give equal care and attention to all students, not just the ones who are already well developed for the task. Miss Bornheim, an assistant, told her take on his teaching method, "The masterly of the body the pupils are learning now will be mastery of the future. They won't grow up to cry when they want to smile!"





Lets compare how many Stout sports photos I could find of women's and men's sports at from the 1900s-1980s:

Men's Sports 


Pictures from Stout Stories



1909_02
Baseball team, 1909.

1921_02
Ski jumper West Burdick, 1921.

1921_03
Stout's first gym team, 1921.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm


1926_02
A few "artists of the blades" started hockey in 1926.




1942_04
The Blue Devils were champions of the Northern State Teachers College Conference, 1942.


1957_01
Intramural battle for a rebound, 1957.


1966_01
Coach Sparger rides players' shoulders after capturing the conference title in 1965.

from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
1966_02
The basketball team added another title in 1966.

1969_01

A gigantic victory cake as the basketball team wins another WSUC championship in 1969, and traveled to Kansas City for the national tournament.

1970_01
Hector Cruz led the 1970 wrestling team to its second championship in four years.

1972_01
Jules Butcher led a championship track team, 1972.

from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm

1975_01
WSUC basketball champions in 1975.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm

1982_01
Baseball added a conference title in 1982.

from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm

1980s_01
The men's tennis team reigned as conference and division champs from 1983 through 1987.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
1987_01
The first of three WSUC golf titles came in 1987.from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm





Total Photos: 15

Women's Sports

1914_01

"Kirmess," a mix of farce and gymnastics, was a continuing feature during the war years.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
1932_01
Golfer Bernice Reynolds, 1932.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm
1956_03
A big cheer for the Blue Devils, 1955.
Total Photos: 5

A Club for Both


1936_01
Stout Rifle Club, 1936.
from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm

There are less than half the amount of pictures of female athletes as male. You can say men only show up more because the male athletes won more titles and championships, but why is that? Well, it probably because Title IX didn't come out until 1972. Title IX states that no matter what sex a person is they can not be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. Now I'm not saying that the law changed everything all at once, but it helped bring the problem of women being discriminated against to everyone's attention. It forced colleges and universities to accept female students and it also helped women receive scholarships that used to only go to men. After Title IX sexual harassment was now suppose to be addressed and the saying "boys will be boys" was no longer a good enough excuse. Also education was now offered for pregnant and parenting students. Women getting to play more sports outside of gym class was only have of what Title IX accomplished for women. For Stout hopefully in the future photos we will see more female athletes, because they have many more sports opportunities now where women can prove that they deserve to be remembered too.

UW-Stout accepted women since the school was opened. When Stout decided to fund the school he said, "I will place upon the school grounds, in a place designated by the Board of Education, a building of proper kind and size, furnished with all of the equipment necessary for the instruction of classes of boys and girls in the subjects included in the first year in a course of manual training." The school accepted both genders but mostly into separate fields of training. 
  

Click on this link if you want to know more about Women's Education at Stout
Click on this link if you want to know more about Stout's Training School for Home Makers
Pictures from http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/stories.cfm sorry if the pictures are not showing up, but  you find them with the link.